A true milestone in the history of photography: The first zoom lens for a 35 mm camera was called Voigtländer Zoomar and actually made the term zoom popular. Previously, these designs were called variofocals or, in common parlance, rubber lenses. First examples appeared in the 30s and 40s and were used for film and later television productions. For those purposes imaging performance is not as quite visible and important as for the still image.
The company Voigtländer can indisputably adorn itself with this technical milestone. However, it is not clear how they came to the baby. In any case, it wasn't their own development department or even initiative. The father of this lens was an originally Austrian engineer named Frank Gerhard Back, who fled from Nazis in 1938 and found a new home in the USA. There he finally founded the company Zoomar Inc., developed a visually compensated zoom lens for television cameras and received on November 23, 1948, more or less exactly 70 years ago, a patent (see patent list below in the table). Variofocal lenses for film and later television cameras have been around for some time, but these were by no means sufficient for the high optical demands of the "still image", that is, the classic photography.
The company Voigtländer can indisputably adorn itself with this technical milestone. However, it is not clear how they came to the baby. In any case, it wasn't their own development department or even initiative. The father of this lens was an originally Austrian engineer named Frank Gerhard Back, who fled from Nazis in 1938 and found a new home in the USA. There he finally founded the company Zoomar Inc., developed a visually compensated zoom lens for television cameras and received on November 23, 1948, more or less exactly 70 years ago, a patent (see patent list below in the table). Variofocal lenses for film and later television cameras have been around for some time, but these were by no means sufficient for the high optical demands of the "still image", that is, the classic photography.
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Optical design from patent US 2,913,957. An improved version was launched on the market later. |
Frank Back undoubtedly was a pioneer: during the next
about 10 years he further developed and improved his concept to eventually yield this lens described here. Of course he filed for patents again. In fact, he does not almost met the optical
requirements for the demanding still picture (35 mm film), the lens already had the quite remarkable open aperture of f/2.8
and this even over the entire focal length range. This also reached from wide angle to the light telephoto, previous TV or
movie variofocals were just tele-zooms. 62 degrees angle of view at this time was the "widest angle" zoom built until then
for any format. In order to master this optical challenge, it certainly came to the fore that lens anti-reflex coating found its way into production at that time. Without this anti-reflective coating such a lens with so many elements would simply have been impossible.
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Albert Einstein and Frank Back |
The year 1958 must have been very busy for Frank Back. On June 27, he simultaneously filed two patents for the lens,
one about the mechanical construction, the other about details of the optical
design. At the same time, the preparations for serial production must have been going on. Assembling started in 1959 at the company Kilfitt in Munich. They
in turn toll produced it under a contract for Voigtländer in Braunschweig, Germany. Unfortunately, nothing is known about the circumstances, how and why this three-way cooperation came about
or how the profits were shared. Eventually, Heinz Kilfitt sold his company to Frank Back in 1968.
The Voigtländer Zoomar was presented to the public on February 10, 1959 at the International Camera Show in Philadelphia.
This show also featured the Nikon F and other SLRs from Japan. On February 19, 1959, Frank Back filed another patent about the improved optical
Design, which then went into production. This was utilizing special highly refractive optical glasses.
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The Zoomar in comparison to its prime lens alternatives from Voigtländer, to cover this focal length range. |
The
Lens itself is a pretty heavy block, at least compared with
contemporary lenses. Also, only wealthy photo amateurs or professionals were able to afford its price. But if you take the three
Lenses that it can replace together, price and weight can be put into perspective again. Because of the high price, only about 15,000 copies were produced, most of them with the DKL mount in the Voigtländer version. However, from the beginning there was also a version for the Exakta mount, later M42 was added. Today it is a highly searched after collector's item, but you will regularly find offers on e-bay. Over the last few years, I have offered again and again, but with a tight budget. Finally, I was lucky enough to get a cheap one. Of course, I also needed the corresponding camera , as I've already reported.
Data Sheet | First zoom lens for still cameras (35 mm SLR) |
optical data | 36-82 mm focal length, continuously switchable. Angle of view: 62° - 30°. Constant full aperture f/2.8 for entire focal length range. shortest distance 4.3 ft (1.30 m). |
optical construction | 14 elements in 11 groups, focussing with front element. Groups 2, 3 and 6 move lineary together for focal length change. All elements have a simple anti-reflex coating. |
camera mount | DKL-mount, Voigtländer Bessamatic type. Available also with Exakta mount or M42-screw mount. |
misc. features | Supplied accessories: 2 close-up lenses (Focar A + B), UV filter, yellow filter, lens hood incl. Clamping ring, turntable for calculating depth of field. |
size, weight | Ø 86 mm x 123 mm, 837g (DKL Voigtländer) |
Year(s) of Production | 1959-1968 (ca. 15,000 copies), this unit #6690569 from 1965 |
Original Price, Today's Value | 795 DM (1959, DKL), 845 DM (other mounts). US$ 250 (US), about 200€ (Germany) |
patents | All filed by Inventor Frank G. Back (filing date, patent granted on): US2,454,686 (7/30/1946, 11/23/1948, basic princple); US2,913,957 (6/27/1958, 11/24/1958, optical design); US2,902,901 (6/27/1958, 9/8/1959, mechanical design); US3,014,406 (2/19/1959, 12/26/1961, improved optical design). |
links | Manual (english), Wikipedia, Camera-Wiki, Rick Oleson DKL-Bajonett, Kilfitt.org, Klinterklater, Ernst Giger, UKCamera, Popular Science Jan 1964, Test in ePhotozine, Frank Back in Wikipedia, Zoom Lens History, |
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