KniPPsen: The Kodachrome Story

Leopold Godowsky (with the violin) and Leopold Mannes, two friends and both professional musicians were also enthusiastic hobby photographers. In 1922 they experimented with some photo chemistry and discovered the patents of Rudolf Fischer, who invented the the so-called chromogenic color photography and with that the principle of the modern color film already in 1911. Unfortunately, Fischer was not able to overcome the problem of undesired diffusion of the color couplers between the different gelatin layers.

At first Godowsky and Mannes started their own research lab. Eventually, in 1930 they were hired by Kenneth Mees, research director of Eastman Kodak in Rochester, NY. At Kodak's headquarters they headed a big new lab with a bunch of technicians to help them. Finally, the group developed what we got to know as Kodachrome.

"Man and God" how the two used to be named solved the problem by the so-called controlled diffusion bleach process, a complicated 27 steps comprising film development procedure. The appendant patent US 2,113,329 was filed on February 27, 1935. Kodak also filed for patents in Europe, e.g. the German applications DRP 723388 and DRP 631324. The first film (in form of a 16 mm movie film) was launched on the market on April 15, 1935 and with this date Kodak won the race for the first commercially available modern multilayer color film.

What is described in the patents (somehow simplified): The Kodachrome essentially is a pure black and white film comprising three photographic emulsion layers, which are sensitized for the respective colors red, green and blue.
First, there is a black and white reversal processing (Kodachrome was a reversal film) for all three layers. After removal of the B&W negative silver the color processing is done step-by-step, layer by layer. The respective color couplers are contained in the individual and different color developer solutions, but in their reduced form they do not react with each other. Only at the positions of the positive silver image a chemical reaction is triggered between the two, and the insoluble dye is formed. The process starts with the cyan dye (red-sensitive, bottom layer) and subsequently this has to be bleached from the other two layers on top again. This step is the so-called diffusion-bleaching, the crucial step. With the two top layers, the procedure is exactly the same: first generate the magenta dye in the middle layer and bleach it from the top layer and at the end again create yellow in the uppermost layer. At the end, all the silver is removed and all unnecessary chemicals are washed out. Voila: there is a color slide.

Kodachrome photo by Chalmers Butterfield of Shaftesbury Avenue from
Piccadilly Circus, in the West End of London, c. 1949 (source: Wikimedia)

The procedure was so complicated that neither professional nor amateur photographers could process their Kodachrome by themselves. Initially Kodak offered this service exclusively, but after an antitrust case in the US they had to offer the processing chemicals also to independent labs. Also, the procedure has been "simplified" in 1938: The diffusion-controlled bleaching was replaced by selective re-exposure and a so-called fogging development. Thus, today until recently, only 16 steps were required to be completed by a trained specialized lab in about 30 minutes. As before, however, the color couplers were not contained in the film itself, but were included in the developer solution. This made the Kodachrome film not only the sharpest, the highest resolution, but at the same time the most durable color film for over 50 years!

The Kodachrome 64 (and later Kodachrome 200) was my favorite slide film, even if I could not afford it all the time and sometimes switched to cheaper E6 alternatives. Especially for holiday trips, Kodachrome had an advantage: In the pack was always a return envelope to the Kodak lab (in Germany: Stuttgart). If you mailed the exposed films during the trip, you would already find the slides in the mailbox when returning home.

But eventually the inevitable happened. During the 1990ies other films in terms of quality became competitive and later the digital photo revolution sounds the death knell for Kodachrome. On June 22nd, 2009 Kodak announced to discontinue production of the last remaining film type (the 64), on December 30th, 2010 the last film was processed. But as some consolation, Kodachrome will probably remain the only film a popular pop song was dedicated to: