2015-01-12

Soviet (and post-Soviet) 135 film SLRs

My project to assess the production numbers of all classical 135 film SLRs is still alive (to jump to the general overview and links to all other parts click here). Today's post is about all the cameras made in the former USSR and (after its dissolution) the respective post-Soviet states. There are only three factories/companies, which actually produced 135-type SLR cameras. The biggest one is KMZ (Красногорский механический завод, Krasnogorsk Mechanical Works) located in Russia close to Moscow. The smallest one is Arsenal in Kiev/Ukraine, normally known for their Contax RF copies named after the town Kiev. The third  is BelOMO (formerly MMZ) in Minsk/Belarus.KMZ (Красногорский механический завод, Krasnogorsk Mechanical Works) located in Russia All of them weren't actual competitors, they even cooperated and exchanged technologies and got their orders for production and development from a central administration in Moscow.
KMZ was the first Soviet  producer to build an 135 film SLR. They took their Zorki RF and added a mirror cage. Result is a remarkable well designed and small SLR, called Zenit. After this KMZ continued to develop new Zenit models, a total of about more than 30. However, most of them have many features and also design elements in common and they can easily be grouped into about 10 bigger groups. Fortunately, KMZ reported all their production numbers and they still can be found on the internet today. Therefore this part is one of the most accurate of my entire assessments (with a total of 13,743,440 cameras).
As accurate the KMZ numbers are, the MMZ/Belomo numbers are definitely the least accurate of all my estimates, although Belomo just took some of the successful Zenit cameras from KMZ and continued to produce them in huge quantities (they've probably been ordered to do so).  Especially the 5 million of the Zenit E I could not believe in first, and I still have my doubts. However, I found multiple souces, claiming that the Zenit E series (KMZ and MMZ together) has been build in more than 12 million units (8 for the E + 4 for the ET) , making this the highest production number of any 135 film SLR in the world. The total SLR production of MMZ/Belomo I've estimated to be 9.1 million +/- 0.5 million).
Considering these huge numbers you can almost forget about the last producer on my list. My estimation for them is just 261,000 (+/- 25%). However, Arsenal is worth mentioning as they produced some very nice and innovative models. Their first model Kiev-10 is a very innovative camera featuring automatic exposure control in a unique body design. Later cameras had Nikon's F mount. My estimates are based on a few serial numbers I found on a couple of web-sites.
My most important source is the very comprehensive website Sovietcams.com, which reports most of the information from other sources in a nice and informative way. Other sources were USSRPhoto.com, Tigers Lair (repair manuals...),ACP, ...In total there are about 23 million (+/- 0.5 million) 135 film SLRs produced in Russia and Belarus, within the time frame of 52 years (1952-2004). Most of them probably stayed within the former Soviet Union, although there was significant export into the capitalistic West as almost from every model a variant can be found with Roman instead of Cyrillic letters. However, I could not find a percentage (or the like) how much have been exported. Interestingly, the production number distribution goes in-line with the world wide development. The 1980íes were THE SLR decade, world wide as well as in the USSR most of these cameras have been produced and sold within this ten years. 
When KMZ started producing SLRs in 1952 they were technologically in-line with German and later Japanese companies. During the late 50ies and early 60ies there was even some innovation coming from Russian camera engineers. However, over the decades they lost more and more contact to their western competitors. Automation and other innovation did arrive much later if at all. Some say Zenit or Kiev cameras from the late 1990ies would have been quite competitive in Western markets if offered in the mid 1970ies. 
Anyway, 23 million cameras is almost double the German SLR production (12 million) and the USSR is a serious candidate for second place behind Japan (I don't know yet, how China is doing). 

Keine Kommentare:

Kommentar veröffentlichen