2017-08-28

Chinese SLR

This part of my SLR production number assessment was definitely the most tricky, longest lasting and certainly the least accurate. Several different Chinese SLR exist and are briefly documented on a few Chinese and other Websites, but you rarely find them at ebay or other auctions today. Some of these seem to be produced just as a few prototypes but never went into mass production, others might have been produced in relatively large numbers, but eventually disappeared in small percentage of households of the gigantic Chinese population. Then, there is widely spread information, that especially Minolta but also Pentax moved some of their SLR production to China. And last but not least, starting with the mid 1990ies China's rise to eventually become the world's industrial work bench. It is documented, that in the year 2000 China's camera production (total, not just SLR and including digital) already was at 55 million units. Therefore, what I did was a fact finding exercise at first, looking at the situation from different angles. As a second step I tried to draw a picture, which would satisfy all the different facts. As this is mostly an indirect approach there is lot of room for error, especially within certain details although the overall picture might still be quite OK.


So here are the major facts including the sources I used. A quite interesting entry into Chinese photography is a long article in Popular Photography from May 1981 (available at google books), which spends a few sentences on the last page on Chinese camera production and market size. A number of 240,000 cameras (total for 1980) was given, which at least in terms of magnitude fits to a 370,000 mentioned in this statistical chart. Seagull in Shanghai was mentioned as the largest camera manufacturing site and on their website they claim to have produced a total of about 21 million cameras between 1958 and 2012 (they are still in the photo business, but don't produce cameras anymore). Most of these cameras were simple point-and-shoot cameras or TLR's like my 4B-1, which have been widely used within China but also been exported. However, they also produced ... DF-1 and later DF-300.

One can distinguish three phases of SLR production. The first one started in the late 50ies/early 60ies with a few attempts to copy (East-) German or Russian designs. Cameras like the Purple Mountain Z 135-I (a Zenit-C copy) or the Tianchi SLR (a Contax S clone) have just been produced as a few prototypes but never went into mass production. During the 60ies the Chinese got some profound knowledge about Minolta's successful SR-series (or maybe got a sort of licence from Minolta). Anyway, at least two camera factories build quite successfully Minolta SR-2 clones. The first was the Shanghai factory with the Seagull DF-1 (series). My estimate is about 250,000 units for the entire series, it might have been even more.  The second successful attempt comes from Sichuan factory(ies) with the Pearl River S-201, a camera which combined the basic SR-2 technology with some elements from Nikon's F (e.g. the exchangeable finder).

The second phase was accomplished with some Japanese help. In 1979 Pentax transferred K-1000 production to Hongkong and 1990 finally to main land China. It's known that more than 3 million units have been produced labeled with the Pentax name. However, the same camera also appeared as Mingca K-1000 and it's hard to estimate how many of these have made their way into the Chinese households. Later Minolta did the same with X-300/X-370 production. Soon after the production started almost identical clones appeared on the market. One can estimate that the number of the copies at least was in the same ballpark as the exported cameras.

The third and last phase started mid of the 1990ies after Minolta and later Pentax ceased production of their respective models. The tools remained and continued producing the respective Chinese clones, which also have been exported under some foreign distributor brands. In addition a larger newcomer appeared: Jianxi Phenix Optical Instruments Ltd., a company which got into possession of Kyocera's (or Cosina's) Yashica FX-3 tools. Either way, this was the third SLR design which was produced in larger numbers, and was available with Nikon, Pentax K, Yashica and other mounts. The cameras also found their way into western distribution networks, e.g. under the Kenko brand. By about 2004 digital cameras would take over the photo market and the now more experienced and focused Chinese producers offered their workbench to produce millions of digital cameras. My guess is, that by 2006 latest almost all analogue SLR production ceased. The world-wide distribution networks would sell off their stock until 2008/2009, you can still find old web-shop pages or articles from this time frame in the internet.

I should mention that this is a simplified representation from afar. One might get the impression that it was about three to four camera manufacturers who served this market. In reality, it were at least 10, as it can be counted on the linked Chinese websites. However, there was probably intensive cooperation and technology exchange between the factories, as well as presumably central control of production and marketing. Some of the above-mentioned models have been produced by various manufacturers at the same time. All in all, let me draw the above picture. Together, there are 24 million SLR cameras, of which over half belong to the third phase. Some millions of them were surely exported (the Pentax K1000 and the Minolta X-300), but many remained in the country and were used by the prospering Chinese population itself at the end of the last century. As mentioned above, the whole thing comes along with a relatively big error, but it could have been that way...

Keine Kommentare:

Kommentar veröffentlichen