Many functions, which later have been integrated into cameras like the
self timer, the exposure meter or the electronic flash (only to mention the most important) started
their technical existence as external accessories. Same with the optical
range finder, which named an entire class of cameras and still is used by
some high end gear (e.g. the Leica
M9 digital camera)!
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Estimating a distance is not easy. Simple cameras with low aperture lenses
have a huge depth of field and therefore a basic fix focus lens is
sufficient. A few others allow to select a distance range, mostly
designated with symbols for portrait, group or landscape. For high quality,
mostly high aperture lenses this type of accuracy is not sufficient
anymore: a focus assistant is needed. Beside the principle realized in
(single or twin lens) reflex cameras, which is pretty exact but results in
complex and bulky constructions the optical range finder established itself
in camera history.
How does it work: The photographer focuses the object through the eyepiece (E) and sees two half images, which he lines up to each other by turning the dial (D). In simple systems like this one, the first half image (upper pane) is a direct view through the window (W), the second half image (lower pane) stems from a window within (D), which is a few cm away from W and reaches the observers eye reflected by two mirrors (M). With objects in infinite distance both mirrors are parallel to each and at 45° respective to the eyepiece and both panes line up perfectly. For closer objects one of the mirrors has to be slightly tilted to align the two half images. With Kodak's pocket range finder one achieves this by turning the dial (D), which has a different thickness on the back side and moves the lever (L) and with that the mirror pretty exactly. A small auxiliary optic (A) fades in the metered distance in feet, the respective scale is engraved on the window of (D), clever!
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More complex systems than this one combine the range finder with the
viewer. They use full images from semi-transparent mirrors instead of half
images. Interestingly the principle of the first commercial auto-focus
camera is more or less exactly the same, see here.
Kodak's pocket range finder dates from the late 1930'ies and has been
offered at US$ 7 as an accessory for cameras like the Retina I
or the Duo
Six-20. Naturally, it could also been used for any other camera, which
had no own range finder. I found my finder on a flea market in New York
City (Antique Garage, 125 W 25th Street). Back at home I
opened it and cleaned the mirrors. Voila: It functions again like in the
old days and also the metered distances look reasonable.
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